A Person Studying Persons

A Person Studying Persons… This post began with my long-standing hatred of Myers-Briggs tests (especially as they appear in the Tumblr studyblr community). I had long ago lodged “MBTI” (the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) into a closet in my head for things I don’t pay attention to, until I recently talked to a few friends who all told me that over the summer they’d been going through periods of introspection, helped in part by taking a Myers-Briggs personality test. Knowing them to be brilliant, hard-working MIT students, I thought to reconsider my initial hatred of the MBTI. Could there be any merit to it? I spent some time doing some thinking and was talking to my significant other, Javier W., who’s currently a researcher at an MIT lab. I learned through him that even there, where peer-reviewed research reigns supreme, grad students and researchers would casually share their Myers-Briggs types (though, he did stress that this was really just for fun). Curious, I then took a Myers-Briggs test myself, researched the “science” behind it (tl;dr: there is none) and was inspired to take and research a few other tests besides. Debunking Myers-Briggs My result for taking the MBTI was “ESFJ”. I am apparently “The Consul” (according to 16personalities.com). Here is an excerpt from a description of my “personality”, which I vehemently disagreed with: In high school, ESFJs are the cheerleaders and the quarterbacks, setting the tone, taking the spotlightlater in life, ESFJs continue to enjoy supporting their friends and loved ones, organizing social gatherings and doing their best to make sure everyone is happy. Discussing scientific theories or debating European politics isn’t likely to capture ESFJs’ interest for too long. ESFJs are more concerned with fashion and their appearance, their social status and the standings of other people. Practical matters and gossip are their bread and butter Ask anyone I know, especially in high school, and this is probably the complete opposite of me as a person. First, no, I wasn’t popular in high school. I was mostly busy studying; I would make excuses to not hang out with people; I was a stereotypical nerd. Second, all I do every single day is discuss scientific theories, listen to the NPR Politics Podcast, and freak out over Brexit. The only grain of similarity I could get from this was that I definitely enjoy making others happy, whether through teaching, organizing events, or just listening to a friend on a hard day. I would say that, compared to most people I know, I’m more likely to go out of my way to perform these types of kindnesses. This is not necessarily all good, as it has also led to “unable to say no” sorts of situations, but I think I’ve gotten better at that. Then, I researched the “theory” behind MBTI. Fellow blogger Erick P. ‘17 kindly sent me this youtube video, which just about sums it up: In short, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was created by two women, Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs, based on personality theories by Carl Jung. Science in Jung’s time (the 1920’s) was not very rigorous or methodical, so Jung literally just made up his theories based on his own experience. Myers and Briggs, who created the MBTI based on his made-up theories, were just two writers, with zero psychology training. This article  does a good job of digging further into the details of how faulty the actual methods are. So, the Myers-Briggs test is, in fact, not scientific at all. Even disregarding its origins and looking at the test itself, Myers-Briggs is terrible for what it aims to really do. Primarily, it ignores that people can like or be more than one thing for most traits. Anyone can, in theory, like “fashion or their appearance”, and also like “discussing scientific theories or debating European politics”. I can be very social and still enjoy building stuff by myself in a lab all day. MBTI puts these qualities on a spectrum (such as “thinking vs. feeling”), when actually, they’re just completely independent variables. Furthermore, even if these traits were not independent, it’s incorrect to assume that someone who is 51% “thinking” is much more of a thinker than someone who is 49% “thinking” with such a short questionnaire. Most people are in the middle of the bell curve for most “traits”, and so most people are actually in-between, and quite versatileeven data collected from the test itself shows this. BEWARE OF FAKE NEWS SCIENCE! There’s nothing inherently wrong with a fun test, especially if it simply becomes a replacement for “so what’s your sign?” for neuroscientists, or provokes a little introspection. But the danger of MBTI is that it is, unfortunately, actually used in some professional contexts. There is a company that owns and monetizes this test and makes $20 million a year, in part by selling products that help HR departments manage people. I definitely would never want someone assigning my roles or deciding whether to hire me based on supposedly being an “ESFJ”. This is where the Myers-Briggs test gets dangerous in its influence, and why I felt the need to publicly debunk its “science”. So then what? If the Myers Briggs test is fake science and not a good personality test, then what can you use to self-evaluate, if anything? After a lot more puttering around the internet, I came to the conclusion that virtually all personality tests are far from perfect, and, more obviously, that there is still a missing bridge between neuroscience and psychology. The relationship between physical anatomy, environmental factors, and behavior is still very unknown and difficult to understand. Five Factor Model A more rigorously reviewed personality test, the “Big 5” personality test, is supposed to be better science, although it’s definitely far from perfect. This “five factor model” was developed by several independent sets of researchers. Since this is a more obscure test, I’ll explain the model. According to the Big 5 or Five Factor Model, there are five aspects of personality that exist on a spectrum: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The acronym “OCEAN” is often used for the five traits. These traits were derived based on factor analysis (a statistical method) of personality datathese 5 traits emerged out of the statistical analysis of that data. I took the Big 5 test (I like this one, they’re all the same test but this web interface is more user-friendly) and my results were the following: Openness- high (95%) Conscientiousness high (98%) Extraverted high (80%) Agreeableness high (100%) Neuroticism moderate (43%) By the Big 5 model, I’m supposedly more open, more conscientiousness, more extroverted, and much more agreeable than most people. I’m about average in neuroticismin other words, I don’t overreact but I’m also not particularly calm in times of stress, similar to most people. This did feel like a more accurate description of myself, but at the same time, it’s also much more general. I personally find that appealing; I feel like the more mild guidance evokes real introspection. You have to think about how these “traits” map to your life and how you act, and even whether you should try to change some behaviors. I prefer that a lot more to other people (or pre-written descriptions) telling me about myself. As for the science, there are still a lot of critiques on the Big 5 or five-factor model. One that is quite similar to issues with MBTI is again ignoring humans’ multifaceted nature, especially with regard to extraversion. Here is a more in-depth critique, which also discusses how Big 5 can be too shallow: by being a data-only approach, it can ignore other tested theories of human behavior. Big 5 provides some information, but it is definitely not the whole picture. All of that said, the Big 5 test, unlike Myers-Briggs, is more open about being flawed and more transparent about its methods, as real science is supposed to be. It was also created from an actual statistical analysis of actual data, compared to Myers, Briggs, and Jung making stuff up. If anything, what I learned from the Big 5 test is that psychology is difficult, and as Chris Peterson said to me, “it’s a lot of people trying to create a useful model of a hard thing”. The Zodiac Since MBTI is comparable (in terms of accuracy) to horoscopes anyway, why not just look to horoscopes for guidance? If anything, horoscopes are actually less dangerous than the Myers-Briggs testat least companies do not look to them for management guidance. And they’re more fun! I have no idea how the heck they got two fish out of these dots connected with lines. Like what?? Western astrology is “based on a greek tradition, generally regarded as pseudoscientific and has consistently failed objective tests” (Wikipedia). Just like the Myers-Briggs test! Here’s a random astrology site I used, I have no idea what the actual Hellenistic teachings are or whatever so its validity (is that word even applicable now) is definitely questionable. In Western astrology I am a Pisces, which I found to actually describe me better than the MBTI’s “ESFJ” description. From the site above, Pisces are “never judgemental and always forgiving”, and selfless, “always willing to help others, without hoping to get anything back.” I feel like this pretty accurately describes me, except for Pisces having “artistic talent”. I mean, I enjoy visually pleasing things, and good music, but I never found myself to be that artistic. And I would not describe myself as timid (though to be fair, I was as a child). In Chinese astrology, I am the year of the rat. Which is super general, because it would imply that everyone else born between February 19th, 1996 and February 6th, 1997 is like me. Having gone through 12+ years of school with mostly these people, I could definitely disagree with that. As for the description itself, though, it’s kind of true too: ambitious and sociable. Even the stated health risks were kind of true, I have mild eczema and the Chinese zodiac said I would suffer from skin conditions! The point of all this Back to my friends, some people looking for some introspection and who found it via MBTI. Taking the test and considering the questions does, admittedly, force you to think about your daily behaviors, and I do think that being more introspective and taking time to understand yourself is great for personal development. The real issue with Myers-Briggs is how many people in positions of power regard it as “real science” when it is truly, literally about as accurate as a horoscope. I’m currently at home and was talking to a family member about writing this blog post. To my disbelief and surprise, even they had to take a Myers-Briggs test at their workplace! With this more deeply personal anecdote, I felt more motivated than ever to post this publiclyin the hope that just a few more people will realize that this is not a test to be used in any sort of professional evaluation of others. What I found while looking at more reputable personality tests and studies like Big 5 is that it’s hard to be a person studying personalitiespsychology, sociology, anthropology, and many other fields that study behavior are much harder to quantify, and the results tend to be murkier. Finally, I found that the issue with many of these “personality tests” is a human failure that I am intimately familiar with: the failure to accept that people can be more than one thing. I so strongly, instinctively resisted Myers-Briggs even before I knew more about it because I thought that if a ‘scientific’ personality test sounded like the people who ask me, “so, are you more Chinese or more Ethiopian?” it must be bullshit. But this all should empower more than disappoint you! Go forth and be whatever you want. There’s no right answer, and while that’s less convenient, it means the possibilities are endless! As Dumbledore says, “it is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.” And here is a fun, Hogwarts house-sorting personality test :) Post Tagged #Myers-Briggs tests

Essay on Reaping Social and Academic Benefits by Playing

Introduction and Hypothesis: Stress unites high school students together. Although it may seem counter-productive, putting down the books and taking a break to exercise may actually reduces the built-up stress. Relinquishing this anxiety may help the person perform better on the assignment at hand. Moreover, the benefits of exercising may even extend into social life, increasing the person’s self-esteem and confidence. I hypothesize that physical activity improves a person’s lifestyle. I categorized improvement in lifestyle into two sections: academic performance and social relationships. I believe that about two-thirds of the students in the higher percentiles are active about seven hours a week. Also, I think a majority of the†¦show more content†¦I found myself with a surplus of energy after being active for 75 minutes. I channeled this free energy into my studies, and by the end of the semester, I noticed a steep incline in my marks. In addition to augment ed academic performance, my relationship with peers got better, and I met some new people who I now call friends. I was very interested to see if my fellow grade 12 students shared similar experiences in one way or another. Background Information: I know that exercise helps develop strong muscles, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and increases self-esteem. Exercise releases a certain â€Å"feel-good† neurotransmitter, a protein that communicates between brain cells and is responsible for mood, known as serotonin. Last year, in Introduction to Psychology, I did my presentation on MDD, major depression disorder. This psychological disorder is strongly linked with a severe deficiency of these neurotransmitters. The beautiful thing about exercise is that everyone has the ability to do it in a variety of forms; it is not dependant on socioeconomic conditions, nor is it dependent on current physique. As I said previously, my social life and academic career was significantly improved as a result of taking two years of a class that demanded daily physical activity. Along with energy, I gained confidence in myself and found joy in who I was as a person. Grade 10 was a dark cloud on my high school experience; I was getting overweight, facingShow MoreRelatedKing Of The Court : Bill Russell And The Basketball Revolution1412 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia. Under International Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage however, the amateur concept was employed, or as Goudsouzian describes, â€Å"Playing sport for its own sake, not material gain.† In addition, Brundage insisted athletes pledged to remain as amateurs even after the Olympics were over. Organizations such as the IOC and the NCAA reaped the benefits of the athletes while the athletes themselves received no compensation of any kind. 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Last Week Tonight With John Oliver Climate Change

Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Climate Change 1. Why are many people skeptical about climate change, according to John Oliver? People have become unconvinced about climate change due to the fact that people believe it is over exaggerated when talked about, when really it is reality. Being a unconvinced society prevents people from wanting to become more educated and aware of the issue. Some people believe that climate change is not real due to the stupidity of uneducated and opinionated members of our society. 2. How does Oliver propose to remedy this problem? We see in Oliver’s video that he proposes a debate representing a mathematical representative debate to prove that the science and statistics of climate change do not lie and climate change is not just an opinion floating around. Through this debate he proves that the statistics and facts behind climate change should not be a debate over peoples opinions. National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society, Climate Changes: Evidence and Causes 1. What are greenhouse gases? Green house gases are gases that cause Earth’s atmosphere to increasingly get warmer as human activity continues to increase due to our reliance on living an industrial lifestyle (National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society n.d). With human contribution, such as the constant burning of fossil fuels our society needs to survive, forces our atmosphere to absorb additional gases and heat creating a warmer climate (National Academy ofShow MoreRelatedYoutube As A Public Sphere Platform For The `` Last Week Tonight With John Oliver2048 Words   |  9 PagesYouTube as a Public Sphere Platform for the â€Å"Last Week Tonight With John Oliver† Audience. (Content Analysis of Discussion Generated by Political Satire Program on a Social Video Sharing Platform) Content analysis is a precise quantitative approach to understand media through measurement. 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Tanks in World War I Free Essays

In 1915 Europe was in the midst of World War I and was at a stalemate caused by trench warfare. There was a need for new and revolutionary weapons to end the dilemma. The British found a solution to this problem by inventing tanks. We will write a custom essay sample on Tanks in World War I or any similar topic only for you Order Now The invention of the tank had numerous pros and cons, but it ultimately changed warfare. Tanks were built for the purpose of traversing through trenches. Trenches were becoming a literal wall and prevented either side from advancing. Tanks were the solution to the predicament that was the Western Front. The first prototype was called Mark I and was tested for the British Army in the September of 1916. Tanks were progressive and enabled many new tactics. They used caterpillar tracks which had a less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking. Tanks offered protection against firearms and intimidated German infantry men that were shocked deeply by the fact that they cannot destroy a tank with machine gun alone. Tanks were also great for accompanying infantry to protect them. There were also cons that went along with the use of tanks. Tanks were very slow, moving at a rate of four miles per hour; casual human walking speed. They were mechanically unreliable, and broke down frequently. Most of the time tanks were hot, numbingly loud and generally uncomfortable for the crews. After the British introduced the tank into the war other countries had their own variations. France launched their first tank, the Schneider CA1, shortly after Britain had introduced the. Mark I. These tanks were the same as British tanks in most aspects, except for that they moved faster by 1 mph. Close to the end of World War I, Germany had their own tank. The A7V, nicknamed â€Å"The Moving Fortress† by the British because of the shape of the hull, was entered into war in 1918 and were in action for eight months. One hundred vehicles were ordered during the spring of 1918, but only 21 were delivered. How to cite Tanks in World War I, Essay examples

Shakespeares Idea Between Time and Love Essay Example

Shakespeares Idea Between Time and Love Essay Thesis In Shakespeare’s sonnets, he discusses the conflicts that men have with time, such as time with human being’s body and time with the mind. Although time withers the body and eventually takes away the mind, however, Shakespeare writes that time cannot defeat love, especially when love is written by poems. I. Analysis of Sonnet 18 A. Interpretation of Sonnet 18 B. Discussion of the underlying meaning of time and love II. Analysis of Sonnet 19 A. Paraphrase of Sonnet 19 B. Denotation of the message of love with the comparison of Sonnet 18 III. Analysis of Sonnet 73 A. Summary of Sonnet 73 B. Discussion of the relationship between time and love of this sonnet IV. Analysis of Sonnet 116 A. Summary of Sonnet 116 B. Investigation of the connection of time and love with the comparison of Sonnet 18 V. Conclusion A. Restatement of the key points of the above sonnets B. conclusion Shakespeare’s idea about the relationship between time and love -with the analysis of Sonnet 18, Sonnet 19, Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116 In Shakespeare’s sonnets, he discusses the conflicts that men have with time, such as time with human being’s body and time with the mind. Throughout his sonnets, especially Sonnet 18, Sonnet 19, Sonnet 73 and Sonnet 116, Shakespeare talks of love and time which expresses his ideas the powers of beauty, time, and love and how each interacts with the other. He examines the relationship between love and time. In several lines he leads the reader to believe that when written and recorded, love can be remembered throughout time. In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare raises a proposal—â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? † at the beginning. Then he argues that â€Å"you† are more lovely and beautiful than a summer’s day. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Idea Between Time and Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Idea Between Time and Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Idea Between Time and Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although the wind blowing on the flower buds of May can be felt, still the summer just doesn’t last long enough for the sun dims and sometimes goes away by chance or simply by nature’s doing. After the word â€Å"but† in Line 9, the poem shifts to another statement—as long as â€Å"your† beauty is recorded by this sonnet, â€Å"your† beauty will live forever with the eternity of poetry. In this sonnet, Shakespeare argues that his love for his beloved, whether it’s for a â€Å"fair young man† or a beautiful lady, will never die for it is remained forever in his poem. So does his love. Thus, time cannot take the beauty and the love away. Sonnet 19, which is similar to Sonnet 18, also boasts of the speaker’s writing talent. In this sonnet, the speaker is addressing â€Å"Time† instead of addressing â€Å"You† in Sonnet 18. In the first quatrain, the speaker begins his direct engagement with Time in a battle of wills. He blames Time, saying go ahead and makes the lion’s paws dull and useless with age, let the tiger’s sharp teeth fall out, and let the phoenix die. In the second quatrain, the speaker challenges Time to create happy seasons and sad seasons as he hurries by. The speaker even encourages Time to go ahead and do whatever it wants to whole world. But the speaker forbids Time to touch one particular entity, and he says it with vehemence: â€Å"But I forbid thee one most heinous crime. † In the third quatrain, he commands Time not furrow the brow of his love: â€Å"O! carve not with thy hours my love’s fair brow. Nor draw no lines there with thine antique pen. † In the couplet, the speaker appears to do an about-face. He says, on the other hand, go ahead â€Å"old Time,† do your best to destroy this love, this talent of mine. And even though you try your hardest, â€Å"My love shall in my verse ever live young. † His love, which is in his art, is untouchable by time. Again, in this sonnet, Shakespeare restates his idea between time and love. Although time can take away people’s youth or fades everything, it cannot take away my love as long as it is written in my poem. Sonnet 73 is a poem that emphasizes the strength of love by describing his aging process by the use of three metaphors: a tree, a day and a fire. In the first quatrain, the speaker addresses a beloved, remarking that she may see that he is aging. He compares his body to a tree losing its leaves: â€Å"yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang. † His hair is thinning, and the few strands he has left are turning gray with age. The gray hair that once was brown is just like the yellow leaves that once were green. Even his poetry is becoming â€Å"are ruin’d choirs,† it used to be filled with beautiful expression akin to the songs of â€Å"sweet birds. † After comparing his aging to a tree in late autumn, he then compares the aging process to a day, and the time when the sun â€Å"fadeth in the west†, he is in the â€Å"twilight of that day†. He will not be able to rest after black night has stolen his life. In the third quatrain, the speaker again introduces a new metaphor: this time he compares his ebbing life to a fire that â€Å"on the ashes of his youth doth lie. † His youth once burned brightly, but now his flame is dwindling, and the very things that fed his youth’s flame are being consumed by the low-burning fire of old age. Nevertheless, his beloved still offers him love and that love is even stronger for they know there is not much time left so they have to cherish and love each other even more. In this sonnet, Shakespeare states that love can be much stronger despite the time. Even though the two lovers are growing old, their love for each other is never growing old. On the contrary, time even makes their love stronger and more beautiful. To Shakespeare, love is not only forgiving faults but also invincible in the face of any storm. Whether it is hostility in the marriage or the death of one of the individuals in the marriage, love will continue to persevere between the two involved. This can be best exemplified in Sonnet 116. In Sonnet 116, the first quatrain depicts true love as everlasting and how marriage is a bond that will keep two souls together and never apart. The second quatrain, talks about love as uncontrollable and it guides and goes through with us along our way in life. Love is described as boundless and something that cannot be contained. Furthermore the quatrain also states true love as an intense force that we cannot predict. Finally, the third quatrain describes the amount of time love lasts and that true love is not and cannot be affected by time: â€Å"Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks†. The couplet argues that if the vision of love that has been so accurately depicted is incorrect, â€Å"I never writ and no man ever loved†. Both Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 18 share the similar idea that true love is eternal. Sonnet 18’s main theme is the power of the speaker’s poem to defy time and his love lasts forever in poetry. Sonnet 116 presents the extreme ideal of romantic love; it never changes, it never fades, it survives death and admits no flaw. Another similarity is the structure of the two sonnets. Both of them state the main idea in the couplet. From the analysis of the above four sonnets, it can be told that Shakespeare thinks that love will not fade throughout time and it can live forever in the form of poetry. In Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 19, he states that his beloved’s beauty and his love can live in eternity in his poem. In Sonnet 73, he argues that love can be stronger throughout time. In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare states that love is invincible in the face of difficulty or even death. To sum up, Shakespeare’s idea between time and love is that though time withers the body and eventually takes away the mind, however, he thinks that time cannot defeat love, especially when love is written by poems.

Schedule a layout for flexible manufacturing layout (FMS) using the arena software The WritePass Journal

Schedule a layout for flexible manufacturing layout (FMS) using the arena software Chapter Two: Schedule a layout for flexible manufacturing layout (FMS) using the arena software Chapter One: IntroductionWhat is Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)?What is Simulation?Why use Simulation?Project ScopeProject AimLearning ARENA simulation SoftwareProject ObjectivesReport StructureChapter Two: Literature ReviewSeven types of wastei)  Ã‚  Waste from over production:ii)  Ã‚  Waste of waiting time:iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transportation waste:iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Processing waste:v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Waste of motion:vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Waste from product defects :vii)   Inventory waste:JIT, Kanban and Lean ManufacturingJust in Time (JIT)  JIT CONCEPTGOALS OF JITOBJECTIVES OF JITChapter Three:The Problem DefinedChapter Four: Simulation Model DevelopmentChapter Five: Model Validation and CritiqueChapter Six: Analysis and SynthesisChapter Seven: Conclusions and Recommendation for Further WorkReferencesRelated Chapter One: Introduction What is Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)? Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is defined as the flexibility of the manufacturing line or process in order to archive the aim to shorten the lead time to produce a product so that the product can be delivered on time to the customer and also can save cost. It has to be approachable so that the results and effects can be seen and useful for manufacturing line. An  Industrial Flexible Manufacturing System  (FMS) consists of  robot, Computer-controlled Machines, Numerical controlled machines (CNC),  Instrumentation devices, computers, sensors. The use of robots in the section of manufacturing industries provides a variety of benefits ranging from high utilization to high volume of productivity. Each robotic cell will be located along a material handling system such as a conveyor or automatic guided vehicle. The production of each part or work-piece will require a different combination of manufacturing nodes. The movement of parts from one node to another is done through the material handling system. At the end of part processing, the finished parts will be routed to an automatic inspection node, and subsequently unloaded from the Flexible Manufacturing System. They provide better efficiency, flexibility and adaptability which are lacking in traditional manufacturing systems. FMS are designed to combine the advantages of mass producti on systems (efficiency) and job-shops (flexibility) in one system. (Tunali 1995) The reason why FMS is very powerful is because of its ability to produce different types of quality products in any order with small-batch sizes without the time consuming changing machine setups. The benefits and drawbacks of implementing FMS is shown in table 1. Although large investment, long planning, development time and automated controller like CNC machines are required, most manufacturers prefer attempt to implement FMS to compete with other manufacturers. Other operational objectives such as the maximization of flexibility, sustainability, reactivity (or the ability to handle contingencies), availability and productivity should also be taken into account in particular for FMS designed to do batch jobs, small and medium-sized series in addition to mass production volumes. Flexibility is a particular important design objective implying that  the same production line can be used for different products, either sequentially or simultaneously without major transformation costs. Benefits Drawbacks Reduction in labour costs Very expensive Requires less space Complicated manufacturing system Increases efficiency Pre planning activity is substantial Increases productivity Adaption of product changes is limited Improves the quality of products Manufacturing lead time is less Reduces work in progress inventory. Table 2: Benefits and drawbacks of FMS What is Simulation? Simulation represents the physical processes of systems on a virtual computer model where the behaviour of such a model resembles as much as possible for the real scenario. Simulation is a very useful tool with increasing importance in the current advanced industrial world. Simulation refers to a broad collection of methods and applications that virtually imitate real life situations, or those which are yet to be real. The more accurate and effective a simulation model is, the more realistic are the results obtained and predictions concluded from that specific simulation model. In fact, â€Å"simulation† can be an extremely general term since the idea applies across many fields, industries, and applications. These days, simulation is more popular and powerful then ever since computers and software are better than ever. Computer simulation deals with models of systems. A system is a facility or process, either actual or planned, such as: i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A manufacturing plant with machine, people, transport devices, conveyor belts and storage space. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A bank with different customers, servers, and facilities like teller windows, automated teller machine (ATM), load desks, and safety deposit boxes. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An airport with departing passengers checking in, going through security, going to the departure gate, and boarding; departing flight contending for push back tugs and runway slots; arriving flights contending for runways, gates, and arrival crew; arriving passengers moving to baggage claim and waiting for their bags; and the baggage-handling system dealing with delays, security issues, and equipment failure. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An emergency facility in a hospital, including personnel, rooms, equipment, supplies, and patient transport. v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A central insurance claims office where a lot of paperwork is received, reviewed, copied, filed, and mailed by people and machines and etc. Why use Simulation? In an effort to reduce costs and time consumption, simulation is one of the most powerful analysis tools available for the design and operation of complex processes or systems. This is because a computer simulation can provide the result on how effective a machine can run without the need of high capital investment and long time consumption to build a actual model on the floor plan by just getting the same results. Weaknesses and problems that may occur in the workstation such as material handling, idle of machine, bottleneck situation can be showed by using the simulation. In addition, the improvement of the production layout can be easily done from the simulation output showed in meeting the operating target. Besides that, simulation also helps reduce costs, avoid catastrophes tragedy and improve performance of the system. Furthermore, to make changes of a manufacturing plant in real life is very expensive and performance after the particular changes is not guarantee. Hence, it is always better to simulate the changes and compare the results before implementing it. Expensive equipment and complicated designs can be modelled using computer software to detect any inconsistency or possible failure modes. This reduces the costs associated significantly as it helps avoid or reduce the expensive and potentially wasted cost of bad designs or wrong equipment. An example to illustrate this would be the complex simulation models created by aviation industries such as Airbus or Boeing. The sustainability and life time of a plane can be modelled by using simulation in order to evaluate the fuselage, performance of engine and other part with different environment or situation. In addition to this, some real time product trials might be impossible as they would consume the single possible use of such products. For example, a bomb or missile can only be used once, and as a result, it won’t be possible to test every single product of such type by trialling it. Simulation plays an important key role here in modelling and simulating the effect and influence of such products while avoiding the destructive and expensive trials. Furthermore, simulation can be used to improve the current process of a system. In other words, it might be possible to optimize and increase the efficiency of an already running system by implementing some changes suggested by engineers, managers, operators or any personnel involved. Having obtained an accurate model, those suggested changes can be initially incorporated in the model to investigate and analyze their consequences and whether they would produce the desired effect or not. Upon validation of the results, an educated decision, backed up by facts, can be taken. Therefore simulation is a tool that can be used by management to aid decision-making especially in costly and heavily investments involved. The other goals of the simulation system are to simulate different production tasks on a given FMS and finally to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of different FMS designs for the same tasks. This last target requires to build up several, new simulation models (George L. KOVACS 1997). One of the most challenging issues faced by today’s manufacturing industry is heavy global competition. In order to compete in an international market, the manufacturers have to produce varieties of products rapidly and flexibly in order to meet the ever increasing market demand Project Scope The purpose of this project is to develop and model a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) layout using ARENA software. The author has to develop a Flexible Manufacturing System and will be able to produce simulations for the different scheduling scenarios. To start of modelling a Flexible Manufacturing System in ARENA software, the author have to put a lot efforts in research through different kinds of mass media like internet, journals, magazines, case study to understand the fundamental concept   and technique of FMS. After researches, the author has to build and simulates the model in ARENA software. From the simulation result, the author has to analyze output and recommended it. Last but not least, the model results will be collected and presented in the project report. Project Aim The aim of this project is to adopt an existing FMS layout and identify the problem or weaknesses in it and make improvement. In order to do that, author has found a piece of journal which contains an existing FMS layout provided with the route and processing time for each parts and components respectively. These informations will be used to generate the simulation in ARENA to monitor its performance such as the total processing time or waiting time and make improvement to it. Learning ARENA simulation Software After few weeks of reading and learning for ARENA simulation software, the author had understood the concept and methodology of simulation using ARENA. In addition, the author had absorbed basic project planning and analysis ideas along with the modelling concepts, which how actual simulation projects ought to proceed. Besides that, the author had familiar with the icons and object about which to used and knew how to generate the animation according to the simulation. Furthermore, author had learnt the varieties of expression or formula such as normal distribution, exponential, triangular, discrete, Poisson distribution. Project Objectives The general objectives of this title is to schedule a layout for flexible manufacturing layout (FMS) using the arena software. The layout must be able to achieve and match the FMS requirement. The main objective can be divided into sub-objective as stated below: To prepare a literature review and understanding of the fundamental concepts and techniques used for the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). To learn ARENA software in order to simulate the FMS model. To select a suitable FMS layout to model. To plan and develop the simulation of the FMS model. To run the model for different data, arrangement, and also to view and improve the efficiency and effectiveness FMS model. To analyze the results obtain from the FMS model. Reproduce the FMS model for improvement. To re-analyze and finalize the findings and conclusions. Report Structure This report divided into seven chapters, reference list, and appendices. The seven chapters consist of introduction, literature review, experimental technique, results and discussion, conclusion, and recommendations for further work.    Chapter 1 Introduction, the author introduces what this project is all about, objectives of this project and also the organization of the dissertation. Chapter 2 Literature review, this chapter explains on what is FMS, the history of FMS, various types of FMS, components of FMS, the benefits and limitations of FMS. The process and examples of FMS application is also included. Chapter 3, highlights on simulation and the ARENA software. The advantages and disadvantages of simulation are discussed in this chapter. The requirement of simulation in manufacturing environment is also included. Chapter 4, this chapter focuses on how the simulation of the model is being built by using ARENA software. The input parameters for the simulation run and model’s features are included. Chapter 5, this chapter is all about the results analysis that is generated from simulation model that have been built in ARENA simulation software. The three scenarios results are then compared. Chapter 6, this is the final chapter of this project where the author will discuss about the problems that are encountered during the simulation. Other than that, the author will also give the conclusion about the whole project and give recommendations for future work. Chapter Two: Literature Review Chapter two aims to reflect on the some topics related to simulation and lean manufacturing which have been pioneered by previous academics and industrialists. It covers the, seven sources of waste, JIT (Just in Time) manufacturing, kanban, lean manufacturing, types of production lines and scheduling environments, simulation and finally some distributions functions available in the simulation model. Figure 1: Original Layout Model of FMS This study has been realized on a model of a hypothetical FMS. By referring to Figure 1, it can be observe that the FMS consists of five multi-purpose CNC machines, each with automatic tool changing capability. Each machine is provided with limited input buffer. Having assumed that each machine will have ample capacity to store the required tools, the issue of tool availability is not considered in developing the model. An important feature of the model is that the machines are not available continuously. They can be subject to unexpected breakdowns. The system is capable of processing more than one part type simultaneously find each part type is associated with a probability of arrival. Each part is processed according to a predetermined sequence of operations. However, the machines that will process these operations are not fixed in advance, rather the routing decisions are made on-line based on current shop floor status data. Job pre-emption is allowed in case of an unexpected mac hine breakdown. The parts are introduced into the system through the loading station. The unloading station is the exit point for all the parts processed in the system. The system also includes a central Work-In-Process-Area (WIPA) to temporarily store the parts when the associated machine buffers reach the full capacity. The parts are transferred within the system by three AGVs each having one unit loading capacity. The place that the idle AGVs will wait for the next request depends on the AGV control policy employed. The model is developed on a microcomputer-based environment using SIMAN.    Part type Probability of Arrival Operation Sequence Processing Time On Alternatives Machine (Minutes) M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 1 20% B 9 0 14 12 0 D 0 10 8 11 13 H 8 0 0 10 14 E 11 12 0 0 9 F 0 7 10 0 9 2 20% B 11 0 7 9 0 C 0 8 0 11 0 A 12 0 10 0 0 D 0 10 8 6 7 G 6 7 0 0 8 3 10% F 0 8 6 0 7 C 0 10 0 8 0 B 9 0 6 7 0 D 0 8 10 9 11 4 10% C 0 7 0 6 0 A 9 0 12 0 0 I 0 0 6 8 0 B 8 0 9 7 0 G 11 10 0 0 12 5 20% E 7 8 0 0 10 F 0 10 8 0 11 A 7 0 9 0 0 I 0 0 6 8 0 D 0 8 9 11 13 6 20% H 7 0 0 8 10 B 10 0 8 12 0 C 0 11 0 9 0 G 10 8 0 0 6 E 6 8 0 0 10 I 0 0 10 7 0 Total 100% 30 Operations 141 150 156 159 150 Table 1: Part process Plan As for the experimental conditions, it is assumed that the FMS studied in this paper can simultaneously process 6 types of parts. As it is seen in Table 1, the number of operations for each part ranges from 4 to 6. The three AGVs travel at a speed of 200 feet per minute, The time required for loading and unloading an AGV is one minute irrespective of part and operation type. For each experiment, the performance data on mean flow time is collected for a simulation period of 15360 minutes (16 days with 2 eight hour shifts) by generating 10 independent replications of the model. For each replication, the statistics are collected after a warm-up period of 2880 minutes (3 days with 2 eight hour shifts). Seven types of waste The word â€Å"waste† in manufacturing was defined as anything other than the MINIMUM amount of equipment, materials, parts, space and workers’ time, which are ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL(to ADD VALUE to the product) (M.K.Khan, 2010).It is an very unlikely event to occur because manufacturing waste does not add value to product. After years of research and improvement job has been done, Toyota identified seven source of waste in manufacturing plant, which is as follow : i)  Ã‚  Waste from over production: This is considered as the most common waste found in manufacturing line. Mistakes occurred between marketing department and production department can lead to over production for demand and supply and cause delay for other parts or products. ii)  Ã‚  Waste of waiting time: Usually it’s easy to identify. Time is wasted when operators just watching the machine to run or waiting for preceding parts to arrive. Bottleneck in production line is also considered as time wasting when all the parts are stacked while waiting to be processed. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transportation waste: Bad housekeeping can cause long distance transportation waste or even double or triple material or part handling. Example: raw material stored in warehouse before it is brought to the line. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Processing waste: Additional process could lengthen a product or part processing time with unnecessary additional process. v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Waste of motion: Waste of motion is whatever time is not spent in adding value to the product should be eliminated. Poor machine or work layout could result to serious waste of motion. vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Waste from product defects : When defects occurred at on station, other waste will also be raised up such as longer transportation time, waiting time, and scrapped or rework product may be produced as well. vii)   Inventory waste: Inventory is also known as the root of all waste. It hides problems such as poor quality of product, machine breakdown and so on. It also lowers the level of inventory to expose those problems. Therefore, human always try to reduce or think a better way to handle inventory as shown in table 2. Zero defects Zero setup time Zero inventories Zero part handling Zero breakdowns Zero lead time Lot size of one Match products to customer requirement. Table 2: Target for eliminating waste JIT, Kanban and Lean Manufacturing Just in Time (JIT)   The basic approach to the â€Å"Just-in-Time† (JIT) production system is to reduce product costs through the elimination of waste. In a production facility waste can be defined as defects, stockpiles, queues, idleness and delays. The manufacturing philosophy of JIT is well defined by the following analogy. Inventory is depicted by water, covering a bed of rocks in a lake. The rocks and the lakebed are representative of problems and the manufacturing floor, respectively. Lowering the water level will expose the rocks on the lakebed (Riggs, 1987). This is the basic theory behind the JIT production system. By eliminating inventory stockpiles on a plant floor, operating inefficiencies can be exposed. Therefore, producing or receiving inventory â€Å"just in time† for the next production process can eliminate stockpile inventory. This report will detail the history of the â€Å"Just-in-Time† production system. We will follow the JIT system from its conception in 1940 to its success today. The characteristics and advantages of the JIT production system will be further outlined. We will also summarize the specific requirements for implementation of this system. Throughout this document we will aim to provide internet links, which will provide more information on the topic. Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing is a Japanese management philosophy applied in manufacturing. Essentially it involves having the right items with the right quality and quantity in the right place at the right time. Today, more and more North American firms are considering the JIT approach in response to an ever more competitive environment. The ability to manage inventory (which often accounts for as much as 80 percent of product cost) to coincide with market demand or changing product specifications can substantially boost profits and improve a manufacturer’s competitive position by reducing inventories and waste. Just In Time (JIT) is a management philosophy, an integrated approach to optimize the use of a company’s resou rces, namely, capital, equipment, and labor. The goal of JIT is the total elimination of waste in   the manufacturing process. JIT CONCEPT JIT may be viewed as a production system, designed to improve overall productivity through the Elimination of waste and which leads to improved quality. JIT is simple, efficient and minimize waste. The concept to produce and deliver finished goods just in time to be sold, subassembles just in time to be assembled into sub assembled and purchase materials Just- in time to be transformed into fabricated parts, is the concept behind JIT. It is dependent on the balance between the stability of the user’s scheduled requirement and supplier’s manufacturing flexibility. GOALS OF JIT A system whose goal is to optimize process and procedures by continuously pursuing waste reduction. It consists of 7 W’s to pursue the waste reduction. The wastes identified for reduction through continuous improvements in production process are: OBJECTIVES OF JIT The basic objectives include: n Low manufacturing and distribution cost. n Reduced labor (both direct and indirect) n Higher degree of product quality and less defects. n Effective use of Working capital. n Decrease in production lead-time. n Reduced investments for in-process inventory. n Increased productivity. n Reduced space requirements. n Faster reaction to demand. Change i.e. more flexibility to customer demand. n Reduced overheads.    Chapter Three: The Problem Defined Chapter Four: Simulation Model Development Chapter three demonstrates the process of preparing and constructing the simulation model. It will then be run and produce the results based on the data or assumption made in the simulation. It also serves as a reference for whoever uses or modifies the model in the future. Every steps will be shown and organized step by step for the ease of reading for reader. Before starting creating the simulation model, author has spent a significant amount of time to learn how to program and create a simulation model using ARENA based on the data provided in literature review. This involved identifying which machine has the longest processing time and processes the most products. The book that author referred to was â€Å"Simulation with Arena† and listed in the reference list. After all the data had been collected and gathered, now move to the development of the simulation model using ARENA. Firstly, run the ARENA software and it will show a blank page as shown is figure 1. Figure 1: Blank page of ARENA Secondly, drag and place the necessary object into the blank page and arrange it which is shown is figure 2.    Chapter Five: Model Validation and Critique Chapter Six: Analysis and Synthesis Chapter Seven: Conclusions and Recommendation for Further Work References George L. KOVACS, S. K., Ildiko KMECS (1997). Simulation of FMS with Application of Reuse and Object-Oriented Technology. 13 -1 Tunali, S. (1995). Simulation For Evaluating Machine And AGV Scheduling Rules In An FMS Environment. 433 438. Khan.M.K (2010). Manufacturing Planning and Control. Lecture notes distributed for ENG4087M, Just-In-Time Systems(Lean Production), SOEDT, 1st Oct 2010. W. David Kelton, Randall P. Sadowski, nancy B. Swets, 2010, Simulation with Arena, 5th edition, Mcgraw-Hill International Edition, Avenue of the America, new York. seopromolinks.com/fms-advantages-disadvantages.asp

Hussain Surname Meaning and Family History

Hussain Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Hussain originated from the Arabic personal name, Husayn, derived from the Arabic hasuna, meaning to be good or to be handsome or beautiful. Hasan, for which Hussain is a derivative, was the son of Ali and the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. Surname Origin:  Muslim Alternate Surname Spellings:  HUSAIN, HASAN, HUSAYN, HUSSEIN, HUSEIN, HUSAYIN, HUSSAYIN, HUSEYIN, HUSSEYIN, HUSEYN, HOSSAIN, HOSEIN, HOSSEIN, HUSSEYN   Famous People with the Hussain Surname Maqbool Fida (M. F.) Husain:  Indian painterRobert Hossein: French actor and directorSaddam Hussein: former dictator of IraqHussein bin Talal: King of Jordan from 1952–1999 Where Is the Surname HUSSAIN Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Hussain is the 88th most common surname in the world, found most prevalently in Pakistan where over 3.2 million people bear the name and it ranks #2. Hussain is also the 2nd most common surname in the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, 3rd in Saudi Arabia, 4th in Quatar and 5th in Bahrain. WorldNames PublicProfiler, which does not include data from Pakistan, indicates that Hussain is also fairly common in the United Kingdom, especially in the English region of Yorkshire and Humberside, as well as in Oslo, Norway. Genealogy Resources for the Surname HUSSAIN Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hussain  family crest or coat of arms for the Hussain surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - HUSSAIN  Genealogy: Explore over 370,000  historical records which mention individuals with the Hussain surname, as well as online Hussain family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Family Tree DNA Discovers Y-DNA Signature That Might Represent the Prophet Mohammed: An article in the  TheNational  highlights DNA testing of the male descendants of Mohammeds  daughter Fatima through her two sons,  Hassan and Hussein.  GeneaNet - Hussain  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Hussain  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.